| 1. |
Introduction |
|
12 |
| 1.1. |
Why This Book Is Necessary
|
|
12 |
| 1.2. |
Questions Which the Book Answers
|
|
14 |
| 1.3. |
Whom the Book Is Intended For
|
|
16 |
| 2. |
How Chemical Bonds Form |
|
16 |
| 2.1. |
Historic Review of Scientific Works
|
|
16 |
| 2.1.1. |
Works up to 1913
|
|
16 |
| 2.1.2. |
Works from 1913 to 1970
|
|
18 |
| 2.1.3. |
Works from 1970 to 1994
|
|
24 |
| 2.2. |
Explanation of the Nature of Chemical Bonding
|
|
27 |
| 2.2.1. |
How the Atom Is Constructed
|
|
27 |
| 2.3. |
Forces Which Bond Atoms into Molecules
|
|
31 |
| 2.3.1. |
What Was the Main Problem in Chemical Bonding?
|
|
31 |
| 2.4. |
The G Theory of Chemical Bonding
|
|
33 |
| 2.4.1. |
Qualitative Descriptions of the Physical Nature of the Enthalpy Factor
|
|
33 |
| 2.5. |
Quantitative Evaluation of Chemical Bonding Energy
|
|
37 |
| 2.5.1. |
Quantitative Evaluation of the Enthalpy Contribution
|
|
37 |
| 2.5.1.1. |
Models and Mathematical Equations
|
|
37 |
| 2.5.2. |
Quantitative Evaluation of Entropy Contribution
|
|
44 |
| 2.5.3. |
Quantitative Energy Calculations of Homo-atomic Covalent Bonding (Based on Model)
|
|
50 |
| 2.5.3.1. |
Comparison of Calculated and Experimental Data
|
|
53 |
| 2.5.3.2. |
Quantitative Calculations of Energy in Hetero-atomic Covalent Bonding
|
|
58 |
| 2.5.3.3. |
Comparison of Calculated and Experimental Data
|
|
58 |
| 2.5.4. |
Multiple Bonds
|
|
71 |
| 2.5.5. |
Conclusion
|
|
73 |
| 2.6. |
First Addition to the G Theory of Chemical Bonding
|
|
75 |
| 2.6.1. |
Valence Rules
|
|
89 |
| 2.6.2. |
Donor-Acceptor Bonds (DAB)
|
|
89 |
| 2.6.3. |
Van der Waals Bonds (VWB)
|
|
95 |
| 2.7. |
Second Addition to the G Theory of Chemical Bonding
|
|
95 |
| 2.7.1. |
Electronic Transition Reactions
|
|
98 |
| 2.8. |
Three-Dimensional Structures of Chemical Compounds
|
|
103 |
| 3. |
How Chemical Reactions Proceed |
|
108 |
| 3.1. |
Brief Historic Review
|
|
108 |
| 3.1.1. |
Theory of Active Collisions (TAC)
|
|
108 |
| 3.1.2. |
Transition State Theory (TST)
|
|
110 |
| 3.2. |
Theory of Elementary Interactions (TEI)
|
|
113 |
| 3.2.1. |
Association Reactions (AR)
|
|
114 |
| 3.2.2. |
Dissociation Reactions (DR)
|
|
116 |
| 3.2.3. |
Association-Dissociation Reactions (ADR)
|
|
116 |
| 3.2.4. |
Electronic Transition Reactions (ETR)
|
|
120 |
| 3.3. |
Radical Reactions
|
|
124 |
| 3.3.1. |
Formation of Radicals
|
|
124 |
| 3.3.2. |
Interaction of Atomic Bromine with Iodine
|
|
124 |
| 3.3.3. |
Interaction of HO Radical with Carbon Oxide
|
|
125 |
| 3.3.4. |
Interaction of Hydrogen and Iodine
|
|
129 |
| 3.3.5. |
Interaction Between D2 and HCl
|
|
130 |
| 3.3.6. |
Interaction of Hydrogen with Oxygen
|
|
133 |
| 3.3.7. |
Chemically Activated Reactions
|
|
133 |
| 3.4. |
Ionic Reactions
|
|
135 |
| 3.4.1. |
Formation of Ions
|
|
135 |
| 3.4.2. |
Interaction of Positive Ions with Molecules
|
|
136 |
| 3.4.3. |
Interaction of Positive Ions
|
|
140 |
| 3.4.3.1. |
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions
|
|
141 |
| 3.4.4. |
Interaction of Negative Ions with Saturated Molecules
|
|
141 |
| 3.4.4.1. |
Nucleophile Substitution Reactions
|
|
141 |
| 3.5. |
Conence Reactions
|
|
144 |
| 3.5.1. |
Conence Formation
|
|
145 |
| 3.5.2. |
Substitution and Ligand Exchange Reactions
|
|
146 |
| 3.5.3. |
Ligand Introduction Reactions
|
|
151 |
| 3.5.4. |
Reduction Elimination Reactions
|
|
152 |
| 3.5.5. |
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions in Conence Compounds
|
|
152 |
| 3.6. |
Additions to Alkenes
|
|
153 |
| 3.7. |
Molecular Reactions
|
|
155 |
| 3.8. |
Basic Kinetic Correlations in Chemical Reactions
|
|
155 |
| 3.9. |
General Explanation of Catalysis
|
|
160 |
| 4. |
Physical and Chemical Properties of Substances |
|
163 |
| 4.1. |
Physical Properties of Substances
|
|
163 |
| 4.2. |
Chemical Properties of Substances
|
|
163 |
| |
Summary
|
|
173 |
|
Detailing the process of photochemical decomposition of a hydrogen molecule
|
|
177 |
| |
The experimental data on the bond length in the hydrogen molecule
|
|
183 |
|
Theory of Chemical Bonding and Chemical Structure |
|
189 |
| |
Theory of Chemical Reactions
|
|
193 |
| |
Supplement I
|
|
|
| |
A New Approach to Chemical Mechanics (First Report)
|
|
202 |
| |
A New General Approach to Chemical Mechanics (Second Report)
|
|
210 |
| |
General Theory of Chemical Bonding, Kinetics and Catalysis
|
|
218 |
| |
Chapters from A New General Theory of Chemical Bonding, Kinetics, and Catalysis
|
|
239 |
| |
On the General Theory of Chemical Bonding and Chemical Kinetics
|
|
247 |
| |
Theory of Chemical Bonding
|
|
250 |
| |
Basic Kinetic Regularities in the Light of the New Approach
|
|
262 |
| |
General Catalysis Theory
|
|
272 |
| |
Summary
|
|
276 |
| |
On the Nature of Covalent Chemical Bonding
|
|
283 |
| |
Positive Charge Concentration Decrease in the Process of Dissociation
|
|
285 |
| |
Compensation of Entropy Decrease
|
|
286 |
| |
Conclusion
|
|
290 |
| |
Brief Phenomenological Explanation Concerning Atom Structure, Chemical Bonding, and Chemical Reactions
|
|
298 |
| |
Atom Structure
|
|
298 |
| |
Conclusion
|
|
301 |
| |
Molecule Structure; Chemical Bonding
|
|
301 |
| |
Chemical Reactions and Catalysis
|
|
303 |
| |
Evaluation of Precision in Calculating the Enthalpy of a Hydrogen Molecule
|
|
313 |
| |
Once Again on the Problem Concerning the Physical Nature of Chemical Bonding
|
|
318 |
| |
Theory of Heat Capacity
|
|
331 |
| |
Theory of Electronic Spectra in Molecules
|
|
333 |
| |
On the Contemporary State of Works about the Theory of Chemical Reactions
|
|
335 |
| |
Notes for the Teacher
|
|
343 |
| |
Supplement II
|
|
|
| |
A New General Theory of Chemical Kinetics and Catalysis (Report XXIII)
|
|
347 |
| |
A New General Theory of Chemical Kinetics and Catalysis (Report XXIV)
|
|
357 |
| |
Concerning Mass and Wave Characteristics of Particles
|
|
373 |
| |
About Quantum Mechanics
|
|
388 |
| |
Once Again on Physics
|
|
391 |
| |
Gravitation
|
|
397 |
| |
Inertia
|
|
402 |
|
Structure of elementary particles |
|
411 |
| |
Internuclear Forces and Transition of Mass into Energy
|
|
416 |
|
Concise hystorical analysis of the evolution of heoretical physics (semilyrical digression) |
|
424 |
| |
Force FAS (F - force and S - entropy)
|
|
442 |
| |
About the Wave Properties of Micro-Particles
|
|
443 |
| |
General Conclusions
|
|
452 |
| |
The Main Points in Chemistry that Offered New Results
|
|
453 |
| |
Theory of Chemical Bonding and Chemical Structure
|
|
453 |
| |
Theory of Chemical Reactions
|
|
457 |
| |
The Main Points in Physics that Offered New Results
|
|
457 |
| |
The Physical Nature of Chemical Bonding
|
|
461 |
| |
Explanation about the Molecular Electronic Spectra
|
|
462 |
| |
The main points in the sphere of physics which, in Principle, offered new results
|
|
464 |
| |
The Main Novelties of Scientific Methodology
|
|
470 |
| |
Role of Calculations, Hypotheses, and Experiments in Theory
|
|
470 |
|
On theTransformation of Chemical and Physical Education
|
|
471
|