	Prologue, contents, & Introduction	2
1	Technological Schemes of Oxosynthesis Processes	8
1.1	Schemes with Thermal Decobaltization	10
1.2	Salt-Containing Schemes	15
1.3	Evaperational and Mixed Schemes	17
2	The Hydroformylation Stage	19
2.1	Notions about Hydroformylation Reaction Mechanism	19
2.2	Kinetics of Cobalt Hydrocarbonyl Interactions with Olefins; Nature of Hydroformylation Chain Reactions	32
2.3	Theory of Conence Reactions	39
2.3.1	Ligand Substitution & Ligand Exchange Reactions	43
2.3.2	Ligand Introduction Reactions	48
2.3.3	Oxidizing-Restoration Reactions in Complex Compounds	49
2.3.4	Complicated Conence Reactions	50
2.3.5	Conence Reactions & Catalysis Mechanisms	56
2.4	Stages of Hydroformylation Reaction Mechanism	61
2.4.1	Formation of the π Complex	61
2.4.2	Transition of the π Complex into Alkylcobaltcarbonyl	62
2.4.3	From Alkylcobaltcarbonyl into Acylcobaltcarbonyl	64
2.4.4	Transition of Acylcobaltcarbonyl into Aldehyde	65
2.5	Isomer Formation Mechanisms; Influence of Reaction Conditions on Isomer Contents of Final Products	69
2.6	Thermodynamic and Kinetic Regularities Relative to the Hydroformylation Reaction	82
2.6.1	Influence of Solvents on Reaction Speeds	86
2.6.2	Influence of Parameters on Isomer Contents of Products	87
2.7	Side Reactions During Olefin Hydroformylation	90
2.7.1	Homogenous Hydrogenation of Aldehydes in Alcohol	94
2.7.2	Formation of Alkylformyls	96
2.7.3	Aldol Condensation of Aldehydes	97
2.7.4	Formation of Acetyls	101
2.8	Influence of Phase Equilibriums and Reactor Stream Structures on Hydroformylation	104
2.9	Principles for Constructing Hydroformylation Centers	108
2.9.1	Chemico-Technological Specifics of Hydroformylation as a Precondition when Choosing Reactors	108
2.9.2	Apparatuses for Designing Hydroformylation Reactors	109
2.9.3	Calculating & Optimizing Hydroformylation Reactors	112
2.10	Math Modeling of Kinetics in Hydroformylation	115
2.10.1	Kinetic Model for Propylene Hydroformylation	116
2.10.2	Kinetic Model for Ethylene Hydroformylation	118
2.11	Influence of Foreign Particles on Hydroformylation	120
2.11.1	Influence of Oxygen & Peroxide Compounds on Same	120
2.11.2	Influence of Dyads and Acetylene on the Same	121
2.11.3	Influence of Ammonia on the Same	122
2.11.4	Influence of Sulfuric Compounds on the Same	122
3	Cobaltization and Decobaltization Stages	124
3.1	Cobalt Carbonyl Formation	124
3.1.1	Kinetics of Cobalt Carbonyl Formation out of Own Salts	124
	Influence of Type of Salt on Reaction Speed	125
	Influence of Partial Pressure, Carbon Oxide, and Temp.	126
	Influence of Aldehydes, Ketones, Alcohols, Amines	127
	Mechanism for Cobalt Carbonyl Formation of Own Salts	130
3.1.2	Cobalt Carbonyl Formation out of Metallic Cobalt	137
3.1.3	Principles for Accomplishing Cobaltization Stages	139
3.2	Cobalt Extraction from Hydroformylated Products	140
3.2.1	Thermal Decobaltization	140
3.2.2	Acidic Decobaltization	143
3.2.3	Evaporational Decobaltization	146
3.2.4	Acidic-Evaporational Decobaltization	148
3.2.5	Technological Principles for Achieving Decobaltization	149
4	The Hydrogenation Stage	150
4.1	Hydrogenation of Hydroformylated Products Using the Heterogenous Catalytic System	151
4.1.1	Heterogenous Catalysts for Aldehyde Hydrogenation in Oxosynthesis	151
	Cobalt Catalysts	152
	Sulfurous Catalysts	154
	Skeleton Catalysts	158
	Chromic Catalysts	158
	Other Catalysts	161
4.1.2	Kinetics and Mechanisms for Aldehyde Hydrogenation Reactions	161
4.2	Technological Principles of the Hydrogenation Stage	180
4.2.1	Choosing Industrial Reactors for Hydrogenation	180
4.2.2	Choosing Reactors for the Hydrogenation Stage	188
4.2.3	Requirements for Catalysts in Hydrogenation Stage	192
4.3	Homogenous Catalytic Hydrogenation of Aldehydes with Cobalt Carbonyls	196
5	Technological Schemes for Oxosynthesis Processes	199
5.1	Olefin Hydroformylation at Low Concentrations of Cobalt Catalysts	199
5.2	Naphthenic Evaporation Scheme (NES) for Oxosynthesis	205
5.2.1	Principles for Accomplishing the NES	205
5.2.2	Production of Cobalt Naphthene	206
5.2.3	Stages of Carbonyl Formation and Hydroformylation	207
5.2.4	The Oxidizing Decobaltization Stage	209
5.2.5	Separation of Hydroformylated Final Products; Cobalt Recirculation and Regeneratio	210
5.2.6	Aldehyde Final Product Hydrogenation	212
5.2.7	Butyl Alcohol Rectification	215
5.2.8	NES with Olefin Recirculation	216
5.3	Oxosynthesis with Cobalt Catalysts for Hydroformylation of Modified Phosphines	218
5.4	Hydroformylation with Rhodium Carbonyls	225
5.4.1	Influence of Olefin Hydroformylation Reaction Parameters on Rhodium Carbonyls	228
5.4.2	Products of Hydroformylation Reactions	233
5.4.3	Rhodium Carbonyl-Phosphine Complexes Used as Hydroformylation Catalysts	239
5.5	Comparison of Directions in Oxosynthesis Development	240
6	New Directions in Oxosynthesis Development	245
6.1	Production of 3-Methylhexanole	246
6.2	Olefin Hydrocarboxylation	248
6.3	Olefin Hydrocarbalcoxylation	250
6.3.1	Hydrocarbalcoxylation Catalysts	250
6.3.2	Influence of Pyridine on Reaction Speed and Selectivity	252
6.3.3	Influence of Parameters on Hydrocarbalcoxylation Reaction Speed Catalyzed by Cobalt Carbonyl	253
6.3.4	Influence of Olefin Structure on Hydrocarbalcoxylation Reaction Speed Catalyzed by Cobalt Carbonyl	255
6.3.5	Isomer Contents of Products During Hydrocarbalcoxylation and Its Defining Factors	257
6.3.6	The Hydrocarbalcoxylation Mechanism; Influence of Bases on Reaction Speed	259
6.3.7	Directives on the Practical Use of the Olefin Hydrocarbalcoxylation Reaction	262
6.4	Diolefin Hydrocarboxylation	263
6.5	Diolefin Hydrocarbalcoxylation	268
6.6	Production of Diethylketone via Hydroformylation	270
6.7	Hydrocarbalcoxylation of Non-Saturated High Acids and Their Ethers	273
7	Oxosynthesis Products; Scale of Production and Fields of Application	275
7.1	Propylic Alcohol, Propionic Aldehyde, Propionic Acid	276
7.2	Butyl Alcohol and Butyl Aldehyde	277
7.3	High Aliphatic Alcohols	284

Table of Contents

CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY OF OXOSYNTHESIS